Ram Prasad Bismil was a notable Indian poet, writer, and revolutionary freedom fighter, born on June 11, 1897, in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He is renowned for his patriotic zeal and literary contributions, which played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence. Bismil was a key member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization committed to ending British rule in India through armed resistance. His literary works, primarily in Hindi and Urdu, include powerful poems and patriotic songs that inspired countless individuals to join the freedom movement. Bismil used his pen names such as Ram, Agyat, and most famously, Bismil. Besides being a prolific writer, he was also a skilled translator.
Among his most famous works is the patriotic poem “Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna,” which became an anthem for Indian revolutionaries. It captures the fervent desire for sacrifice and the unyielding spirit of the revolutionaries. In this article, we will explore Ram Prasad Bismil’s life, his significant literary works, themes, writing style, political activism, personal struggles, death, and enduring legacy. We’ll provide a comprehensive understanding of his impact on Indian literature and the freedom movement.
Importance of Studying Ram Prasad Bismil Work
Studying the works of Ram Prasad Bismil is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, his writings offer profound insights into the socio-political climate of early 20th-century India, reflecting the aspirations and struggles of the Indian populace under British colonial rule. His poetry and prose are imbued with themes of nationalism, sacrifice, and the quest for freedom, making them essential for understanding the cultural and emotional landscape of the Indian independence movement. Secondly, Bismil’s works exemplify the use of literature as a tool for political activism. By blending literary creativity with revolutionary fervour, he demonstrated how art and literature could mobilize public sentiment and action against oppression. Lastly, his legacy as both a writer and a freedom fighter underscore the interconnectedness of cultural and political endeavours in shaping a nation’s identity and destiny. Studying his work not only honours his memory but also provides inspiration for future generations to value and uphold the principles of justice, freedom, and national pride.
Early Life of Ram Prasad Bismil
Birth and Family Background: Ram Prasad Bismil was born on June 11, 1897, in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. His father, Murlidhar, was a well-respected Ayurvedic practitioner, and his mother, Moolmati, was a devout and influential figure in his early life. He was born into a Tomar Rajput family, Ram Prasad Bismil was honoured with the title “Pandit” due to his expertise in various subjects. The family was of Brahmin descent, and Bismil was brought up with strong moral and cultural values, which significantly shaped his character and future endeavours. He learned Hindi from his father at home and studied Urdu with a moulvi. Despite his father’s disapproval, he attended an English-language school. He also became a member of the Arya Samaj in Shahjahanpur. Bismil had a remarkable talent for writing patriotic poetry.
Education and Early Influences: Bismil received his early education in a local school in Shahjahanpur. From a young age, he exhibited a keen interest in literature and poetry, often writing verses that reflected his increasing sense of nationalism and social justice. His early influences included the works of Indian freedom fighters and poets such as Swami Vivekananda and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. These figures, along with his exposure to the harsh realities of British colonial rule, ignited in him a deep-seated desire to contribute to India’s struggle for independence. His literary talent and patriotic fervour soon became evident, setting the stage for his future as both a revolutionary and a celebrated poet.
He was actively involved in significant events like the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918 and the Kakori Conspiracy of 1925. Bismil was a key figure in the Arya Samaj movement and one of the founding members of the revolutionary organization Hindustan Republican Association. His dedication to the cause of Indian independence ultimately led to his execution; he was hanged on December 19, 1927, for his revolutionary activities.
Literary Career of Ramprasad Bismil
Early Works and Style: Ram Prasad Bismil began his literary career with a focus on patriotic and nationalist themes, reflecting his deep commitment to India’s independence movement. His early works were characterized by their emotional intensity and passionate advocacy for freedom. Writing primarily in Hindi and Urdu, he used simple yet powerful language that resonated with the common people. Bismil’s poems often invoked the spirit of sacrifice and resilience, encouraging his compatriots to join the struggle against British rule. His early writings included poems and essays published in various nationalist publications, which helped spread his revolutionary ideas.
Major Works and Their Impact
Bismil’s Notable Poems: One of Bismil’s most celebrated works is the poem “Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna,” written around 1921. This poem became an anthem for the Indian freedom fighters, symbolizing their unwavering determination to achieve independence, even at the cost of their lives. The poem’s stirring verses and call to action made it immensely popular among revolutionaries and the public alike. In addition to this, Bismil used poetry and ghazals to inspire revolutionary fervour. He wrote many sensitive poems and ghazals as well.
Another significant work is “Mera Rang De Basanti Chola,” a patriotic song that represents the spirit of self-sacrifice and devotion to the motherland. This song, written in 1927, continues to inspire and evoke a sense of pride and patriotism in India. First, a little about the history of the song itself. In the spring of 1927, one of the freedom fighters asked Ram Prasad ‘Bismil’ why he didn’t compose a song about the season of Basant (spring). That is when Bismil, along with 18 other revolutionaries like Ashfaqullah Khan, Khatri, Thakur, Roshna, etc., wrote down ‘Mera Rang De Basanti Chola.’
Ramprasad Bismil’s Notable Poems
- Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna: “Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamare dil mein hai, Dekhna hai zor kitna bazu-e-qatil mein hai.” This powerful poem, written around 1921, became an anthem for Indian freedom fighters, expressing their unyielding desire for revolution and sacrifice. It also captures the same essence of rebellion and resistance and patriotic spirit that Bismil embodied.
Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna is an Urdu patriotic poem written by Bismil Azimabadi as a dedication to young freedom fighters of the Indian independence movement. This poem was popularized by Ram Prasad Bismil. When Ram Prasad Bismil was put on the gallows, the opening lines of this ghazal were on his lips. In 1921, Bismil wrote this poem, following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and other atrocities by the British colonialists. It was first published in the journal “Sabah,” which was published from Delhi. The ghazal consists of 11 couplets. The original copy of the poem and a page from his diary, containing the poem along with corrections made by his mentor Shad Azimabadi, are preserved in the Khuda Bakhsh Library.
- Tarana-e-Bismil: बला से हमको लटकाए अगर सरकार फांसी से, लटकते आए अक्सर पैकरे-ईसार फांसी से। लबे-दम भी न खोली ज़ालिमों ने हथकड़ी मेरी, तमन्ना थी कि करता मैं लिपटकर प्यार फांसी से।”
Tarana-e-Bismil is a poignant poem by Ram Prasad Bismil that encapsulates his fearless spirit and dedication to India’s freedom struggle. In the opening lines, Bismil expresses his readiness to face execution at the hands of the government, acknowledging the tradition of martyrdom among those who fought for the nation. He reflects on the oppression faced by revolutionaries, emphasizing that even in his final moments, he wishes to embrace martyrdom with love, viewing it as a noble sacrifice for his homeland. The poem powerfully conveys themes of bravery, sacrifice, and unwavering commitment to the cause of independence. Tarana-e-Bismil and other works by Ram Prasad Bismil were published in various collections of his poetry and writings, which have been compiled posthumously. His poems continue to inspire generations and are celebrated in Indian literature for their revolutionary spirit and emotional depth.
- Gulami Mita Do: दुनिया से गुलामी का मैं नाम मिटा दूंगा, एक बार ज़माने को आज़ाद बना दूंगा। बेचारे ग़रीबों से नफ़रत है जिन्हें, एक दिन, मैं उनकी अमरी को मिट्टी में मिला दूंगा।
The poem Gulami Mita Do express a powerful call for the abolition of slavery and oppression. The poet declares a resolute intention to erase the very name of slavery from the world, promising to liberate society from its shackles. The poem also conveys a deep empathy for the poor and marginalized, highlighting the poet’s contempt for those who harbour hatred towards them. The poet envisions a day when the wealth and power of the oppressors will be brought down to the ground, symbolizing a complete transformation of society towards justice and equality. Overall, the poem embodies a strong revolutionary spirit and a commitment to social change.
- Ser Fida Karte Hain, Qurbaan Jigar Karte Hain: सर फ़िदा करते हैं कुरबान जिगर करते हैं,
पास जो कुछ है वो माता की नजर करते हैं, खाना वीरान कहाँ देखिये घर करते हैं!खुश रहो अहले-वतन! हम तो सफ़र करते हैं,
In the poem, the poet expresses deep devotion and sacrifice for their motherland. The repeated phrase “सर फ़िदा करते हैं कुरबान जिगर करते हैं” signifies a willingness to give one’s life and heart for the love of the country. The poet emphasizes that anything they possess is dedicated to their motherland, highlighting their selflessness and profound love.
The lines also reflect a sense of longing and pain, as the poet acknowledges that their home is desolate and empty, suggesting the sacrifices made in the struggle for freedom or a just cause. Despite this sense of loss, the poet encourages fellow countrymen to remain happy and resilient, stating, “खुश रहो अहले-वतन!” This indicates a commitment to continue their journey and efforts for the nation’s betterment, demonstrating a spirit of endurance and hope in the face of adversity. Overall, the poem embodies themes of sacrifice, patriotism, and an unwavering commitment to one’s homeland.
- Charcha apne qatl ka ab dushmanon ke dil mein hai: चर्चा अपने क़त्ल का अब दुश्मनों के दिल में है, देखना है ये तमाशा कौन सी मंजिल में है ? कौम पर कुर्बान होना सीख लो ऐ हिन्दियो,ज़िन्दगी का राज़े-मुज्मिर खंजरे-क़ातिल में है
In this emotional poem, the poet reflects on the discussions taking place in the hearts of enemies regarding the poet’s potential sacrifice. The lines evoke a sense of anticipation and curiosity about the outcome and the path ahead, emphasizing the unpredictability of fate.
The poet urges their compatriots, particularly the Hindustani people, to learn the importance of sacrificing for the nation (“कौम पर कुर्बान होना सीख लो ऐ हिन्दियों”). This call to action highlights the noble virtue of selflessness and dedication to the collective cause. Furthermore, the poet suggests that the secret to life (“ज़िन्दगी का राज़े-मुज्मिर”) lies in enduring struggles and acknowledging the perils represented by the “खंजरे-क़ातिल” (the dagger of the killer).
In these lines, the poet expresses a desire for the removal of darkness caused by hatred and envy from the land of Hind. The phrase “दूर हो अब हिन्द से तारीकि-ए-बुग्जो-हसद” (Let the darkness of hatred and jealousy now be removed from Hind) signifies a longing for unity and peace among the people.
The poet also conveys a passionate yearning to sacrifice themselves for the country, as indicated by “बामे-रफअत पर चढ़ा दो देश पर होकर फना” (Let us ascend to great heights by sacrificing for the nation). The use of the name “Bismil” refers to a historical figure known for their sacrifices, reinforcing the theme of patriotism. The closing line, “अब इतनी हविश बाकी हमारे दिल में है,” indicates that the spirit of dedication and the desire for national pride still strongly exist in their hearts. Overall, these lines capture a deep sense of hope, sacrifice, and the aspiration for a harmonious future for the nation.
Overall, the poem resonates with themes of sacrifice, courage, and the complexities of life in the face of adversities, urging individuals to rise for their nation despite the looming threats.
- Ilahi khair, wo hardam nayi bedad karte hain: इलाही ख़ैर वो हरदम नई बेदाद करते हैँ
हमेँ तोहमत लगाते हैँ जो हम फरियाद करते हैँ ये कह कहकर बसर की उम्र हमने क़ैदे उल्फत मेँ,वो अब आज़ाद करते हैँ वो अब आज़ाद करते हैँ सितम ऐसा नहीँ देखा जफ़ा ऐसी नहीँ देखी, वो चुप रहने को कहते हैँ जो हम फरियाद करते हैँ
In the poem, the speaker expresses their grief and pain about the mistreatment they face. They mention that despite their cries for help (farayad), they are accused of wrongdoing. The speaker reflects on how they have spent their life in the bonds of love, enduring suffering, while the one they love claims to set them free, yet continues to impose new hardships. The speaker emphasizes that they have never experienced such cruelty and betrayal before. Ultimately, they feel silenced as they are told to remain quiet when they voice their suffering.
- Desh hit paida huye hai: Desh hit paida huye hai Desh par marr jayenge Marte marte desh ko zinda magar kar jayenge
In essence, these lines express a deep patriotism and commitment to one’s country, suggesting that the speaker and their comrades are willing to sacrifice their lives to revive and strengthen their nation.
- Mera Rang De Basanti Chola: Mera rang de basanti chola, composed in 1927, this song epitomizes the spirit of self-sacrifice and devotion to the motherland, urging Indians to embrace martyrdom for their country. The poem is a powerful expression of patriotism and sacrifice, famously associated with the struggle for India’s independence from British colonial rule. It reflects Bismil’s deep commitment to his country and is often recited as an anthem of resistance and valour.
The song “Rang De Basanti Chola” was originally scripted by Pandit Ram Prasad ‘Bismil’ along with his 18 friends, including Ashfaqullah Khan, Bhagat Singh and Thakur Roshan Singh. It is historically associated with the Indian independence movement and Bhagat Singh’s legacy, but it gained widespread popularity through its use in films, particularly in “Rang De Basanti.”
Literary Works of Ram Prasad Bismil
- Deshvasiyon ke nam sandesh (A Message to My Countrymen): “Deshvasiyon ke nam Sandesh”is a pamphlet written by Ram Prasad Bismil that reflects his revolutionary spirit and desire to communicate directly with his fellow countrymen. In this pamphlet, Bismil urges his compatriots to join the struggle for India’s independence, articulating his vision for a free India and motivating others to take up the cause of liberation.
- Kranti Geetanjali: “Kranti Geetanjali” is a collection of poems by Ram Prasad Bismil, published in 1929 after Bismil’s execution in 1927, the work captures his patriotic fervor and revolutionary ideals, inspiring readers with themes of freedom, sacrifice, and resistance against oppression. The British authorities deemed the content of “Kranti Geetanjali” seditious, leading to its ban in 1931 as part of efforts to suppress revolutionary literature. Bismil’s poetry continues to resonate, reflecting the spirit of the freedom struggle and the call for social justice, highlighting his legacy as both a poet and a martyr in the fight for India’s independence.
- Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot (The Bolshevik’s Programme): “Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot” is a translation by Ram Prasad Bismil of a Bengali book. Although the original author is not specified, this work disseminates the ideas of the Bolsheviks to a Hindi-speaking audience. Bismil’s translation highlights revolutionary strategies that could be applied in the Indian context, broadening the reach of revolutionary literature.
- Yogik Sadhan: “Yogik Sadhan” is another significant translation by Bismil, originally authored by Arvind Ghosh. This book delves into the spiritual and practical aspects of yogic practices, offering insights that Bismil believed could strengthen the resolve and discipline of revolutionaries.
- Swadhinta ki devi: Catherine: “Swadhinta ki devi: Catherine” is a book that Bismil translated from English into Hindi. The original author is not specified. This translation made the story of Catherine, a symbol of freedom and resilience, accessible to Indian readers. Bismil’s work on this book aimed to inspire the Indian populace with Catherine’s tale of struggle and triumph.
- Man Ki Lahar (A Sally of Mind): “Man Ki Lahar” is a poetry collection by Ram Prasad Bismil that summarizes his deep patriotism, emotional intensity, and commitment to the cause of Indian independence. The poems in this collection reflect an introspective quality, exploring the inner turmoil and steadfast determination of a revolutionary mind.
- Swadeshi Rang: “Swadeshi Rang” is another poetry collection by Bismil that showcases his ability to weave patriotic fervour into his verses. The collection creates a emotions of nationalistic sentiments that resonated with the masses during the struggle for independence.
- Kakori ke Shaheed: “Kakori ke Shaheed” is the autobiography of Ram Prasad Bismil, providing a firsthand account of his life, revolutionary activities, and the events leading up to his martyrdom. Published in 1928 by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi through Pratap Press in Cawnpore (Kanpur), this work offers an intimate glimpse into Bismil’s thoughts and experiences. The autobiography was translated by the Criminal Investigation Department of United Province in British India and circulated as a confidential document for official and police use.
- Man Ki Lahar: “Man Ki Lahar” (the poem) echoes the themes found in his poetry collection of the same name. This poem delves into the emotions of a freedom fighter, blending personal reflections with a broader call to action.
- Swadeshi Rang: “Swadeshi Rang” (the poem) mirrors the themes of his poetry collection, celebrating the cultural and nationalistic pride that fuelled the struggle for independence. Through vivid imagery and passionate language, Bismil’s poetry continues to inspire and resonate with readers, embodying the enduring spirit of India’s fight for freedom.
Writing Style and Language
- Use of Language and Dialect: Ram Prasad Bismil was a master of both Hindi and Urdu, and he strategically employed these languages to reach a wider audience. His writings were imbued with the essence of the local dialect, making them resonate deeply with the common people. This linguistic approach not only made his work accessible but also relatable, bridging the gap between the intellectual elite and the general populace. Bismil’s use of simple yet powerful language allowed him to convey complex revolutionary ideas in a manner that was easy to understand. He often used patriotic and nationalistic themes, which struck a chord with the masses and inspired them to join the freedom movement. His choice of words was deliberate and impactful, designed to evoke a sense of urgency and passion for the cause of independence.
- Literary Techniques and Style: Bismil’s literary style was rich with vivid imagery and emotional appeal, designed to stir the reader’s emotions and incite action. He frequently employed rhetorical questions, encouraging readers to reflect on their own roles in the struggle for freedom. His use of metaphors and analogies was particularly effective in drawing parallels between the fight for independence and everyday experiences, making his messages more relatable and poignant. Bismil’s poems often built up to a crescendo of emotions, creating a powerful climax that left a lasting impression on the reader. He used repetition to reinforce key themes and ideas, ensuring they were firmly embedded in the reader’s mind. His ability to weave together personal emotion with collective nationalistic fervor made his writings a potent tool for mobilizing support for the independence movement.
- Influence of Traditional and Modern Literary Forms: Bismil’s writing was a unique blend of traditional Indian literary forms and modern revolutionary ideas. He drew heavily from ancient texts and folk songs, integrating their rhythms and themes into his own work. This connection to tradition gave his writing a timeless quality, while his incorporation of contemporary issues ensured its relevance. Bismil was deeply influenced by classical poetry, and this is evident in his use of meter, rhyme, and structured verse. At the same time, he was not afraid to experiment with modern forms of expression, which allowed him to address the socio-political issues of his time in a dynamic and engaging way. This fusion of old and newly created a distinctive literary style that was both innovative and deeply rooted in Indian cultural heritage. His works served as a bridge between the past and the present, highlighting the continuity of the struggle for justice and freedom.
By merging traditional literary techniques with modern revolutionary thought, Bismil created a powerful and enduring body of work that continues to inspire and resonate with readers today. His writing not only chronicled the fight for independence but also provided a cultural and emotional roadmap for future generations.
Influence of His Writings on Contemporary Literature
Bismil wrote his autobiography in Barrack number 11 of Lucknow Central Jail, which is considered one of the finest works in Hindi literature. He also wrote the cult song “Mera rang de Basanti chola” during his time in jail. Two days before his martyrdom, Bismil was busy writing his autobiography secretly in the Gorakhpur gallows, trying to avoid the attention of jail officials. This autobiography was smuggled out in three batches. It was first published in book form titled “Kakori Conspiracy” by Bhajan Lal Bookseller through Art Press Sindh in 1927, after Bismil’s martyrdom. Later, it was also published by Ganesh Sankar Vidyarthi’s Pratap Press by the name of “Kakori ke Shaheed” in 1928.
With the phrase “Jai Hind” on his lips, 30-year-old Bimil was executed in Gorakhpur jail on December 19, 1927 and then cremated on the banks of Rapti river. This location later became known as Raj Ghat.
Bismil’s writings had a profound impact on contemporary literature and the Indian independence movement. His use of simple yet evocative language made his works accessible to a wide audience, amplifying their reach and influence. Bismil’s poems and songs not only inspired his fellow revolutionaries but also played a crucial role in mobilizing public support for the freedom struggle. His literary contributions helped foster a sense of national identity and unity among Indians, encouraging them to rise against colonial oppression.
Furthermore, Bismil’s works have left a legacy in Indian literature. His patriotic poems continue to be celebrated and studied for their artistic and historical significance. Modern writers and poets often draw inspiration from his fearless expression and unwavering commitment to the cause of freedom, ensuring that his literary heritage endures.
Ram Prasad Bismil was not only a courageous revolutionary but also a gifted writer and poet whose literary contributions continue to inspire generations. His works, ranging from passionate poems to insightful translations, reflect his deep love for his country and his unwavering commitment to its freedom. Through his writings, Bismil communicated powerful messages of patriotism, resilience, and sacrifice, resonating with the spirit of the Indian independence movement. His legacy as a writer and freedom fighter remains an integral part of India’s history, reminding us of the enduring power of words in the fight for justice and liberty.
