The Literary Genius of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: Shaping Indian Nationalism

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay stands as a great figure in Indian literature, whose works have left a mark on the cultural and intellectual scene of India. Renowned as the “Sahitya Samrat” or “Emperor of Literature,” Bankim Chandra’s novels, essays, and short stories continue to inspire readers with their rich narrative, profound themes, and patriotic fervour. This article delves into his major literary works which has been adapted into television series and films and examining the enduring impact of his contributions on Bengali literature and Indian nationalism.

The purpose of this article is to shed light on the literary genius of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and to explore how his works played a crucial role in shaping Indian nationalism. This article also seeks to celebrate the legacy of a writer who not only entertained but also educated and inspired a nation through his powerful storytelling.

Role in Shaping Indian Nationalism:

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay played an inspiring role in shaping Indian nationalism through his powerful literary works. His novel “Anandamath”, published in 1882, is widely regarded as a cornerstone of Indian nationalist literature. Set against the backdrop of the Bengal famine of 1770, the novel tells the story of a group of ascetic rebels, the Sannyasis, who fight against the British colonial forces. The novel’s depiction of the motherland as a divine entity, particularly through the song “Vande Mataram,” resonated deeply with Indian readers. “Vande Mataram,” meaning “I bow to thee, Mother,” became an anthem of patriotism and a rallying cry for the Indian independence movement. The story highlights their struggles, sacrifices, and patriotism, with the hymn “Vande Mataram” serving as a unifying and inspirational anthem. The novel portrays the motherland as a divine figure, inspiring the rebels’ quest for freedom and justice.

The impact of “Vande Mataram” was profound and widespread. It provided a unifying symbol for the diverse Indian populace, exceeding regional and linguistic differences. The song was included by leaders of the Indian National Congress and became a staple at political gatherings, protests, and rallies. Freedom fighters such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai often invoked the song to inspire and mobilize the masses. Rabindranath Tagore, another giant of Bengali literature, set the song to music, further strengthening its place in the hearts of the Indian people.

Bankim Chandra’s portrayal of the motherland as a goddess evoked a sense of sacred duty and admiration, compelling many to view the struggle for independence as a spiritual and moral imperative. His literature provided not just entertainment but also a powerful means of political and cultural resistance. By implanting nationalist sentiment in his works, Bankim Chandra helped foster a collective identity among Indians and stimulated them to resist colonial oppression.

Ideological Contributions: Bankim Chandra’s ideological contributions to Indian nationalism were both profound and multifaceted. He was a visionary who understood the importance of cultural revival in countering the narratives imposed by colonial rulers. Through his writings, he emphasized the rediscovery and celebration of India’s glorious past, urging his readers to take pride in their heritage and culture.

One of his key ideological contributions was his emphasis on the values of duty, sacrifice, and moral integrity. In his novels and essays, he often depicted characters who embodied these virtues, serving as role models for his readers. For example, the characters in “Anandamath” are depicted as selfless warriors who sacrifice their personal lives for the greater good of the nation. This portrayal inspired many to view the struggle for independence not merely as a political fight but as a noble and ethical work.

Bankim Chandra was also a strong advocate for social reform. He recognized that the true liberation of India required not only political freedom but also social progress. His works often addressed social issues such as the rigidity of the caste system, the plight of widows, and the need for women’s education and empowerment. In novels like “Devi Chaudhurani” and “Bishabriksha”, he highlighted the challenges faced by women and called for their emancipation and upliftment. By doing so, he contributed to the broader discourse on social justice and reform in India.

Furthermore, Bankim Chandra’s essays and articles were critical in shaping public opinion and intellectual thought in 19th-century Bengal. He used his platform as a journalist and essayist to critique social injustices, promote nationalist ideas, and advocate for a united and progressive India. His articulation of a nationalist ideology based on cultural pride, ethical values, and social reform provided a comprehensive framework for the Indian independence movement.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s literary and ideological contributions were helpful in shaping Indian nationalism. His works inspired a sense of patriotism and unity, emphasized the importance of cultural revival, and advocated for social reform. Through his novels, essays, and the immortal song “Vande Mataram,” he left on the Indian independence movement and the collective consciousness of the Indian people.

The Origin of “Vande Mataram” in Anandamath:

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote “Anandamath” during a time of significant political unrest in India, particularly in Bengal. The novel, published in 1882, is set against the backdrop of the Bengal famine of 1770 and the early Indian revolts against British rule. The story follows a group of ascetic rebels, the Sannyasi warriors, who take up arms against the British.

Inspiration and Creation: The inspiration for “Vande Mataram” came from Bankim Chandra’s deep sense of patriotism and his desire to evoke a strong nationalistic sentiment among Indians. He was inspired by the rich cultural heritage of India and sought to revive the sense of pride in the country’s history and civilization. The song was written in highly Sanskritized Bengali, reflecting Bankim Chandra’s respect for classical Indian languages and traditions.

Integration into the Novel: In “Anandamath”, Bankim Chandra strategically included “Vande Mataram” as a hymn sung by the Sannyasi rebels. The song is presented as a prayer to the motherland, personified as the goddess Durga, invoking her blessings and protection in their struggle for freedom. The inclusion of this song served multiple purposes:

Symbol of Unity: “Vande Mataram” provided a unifying cry for the characters in the novel, symbolizing their collective fight against oppression and their devotion to the motherland.
Patriotic Fervour: The song infused the narrative with a sense of patriotic fervour, inspiring readers to reflect on their own responsibilities towards their country.
Cultural Revival: By integrating the song into a popular literary work, Bankim Chandra aimed to revive and popularize India’s cultural and spiritual heritage among the masses.
Impact and Legacy: The impact of “Vande Mataram” extended far beyond the pages of “Anandamath”. The song quickly became a symbol of Indian nationalism and was adopted by the Indian independence movement. It was sung at political gatherings, protests, and rallies, becoming a rallying cry for freedom fighters. Rabindranath Tagore, another giant of Bengali literature, composed a musical rendition of the song, further strengthening its place in Indian cultural and political life. In 1905, the song played a significant role in the anti-partition movement in Bengal, and later, it was adopted by the Indian National Congress as the national song.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s inclusion of “Vande Mataram” in “Anandamath” was a deliberate and impactful decision that vibrated deeply with the Indian populace. The song’s powerful entreaty of patriotism and unity helped stimulate the Indian independence movement, ensuring Bankim Chandra’s legacy as a central figure in the history of Indian nationalism.

Why “Vande Mataram” Was Not Chosen as the National Anthem:

“Vande Mataram,” written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and featured in his novel “Anandamath”, was a strong contestant for India’s national anthem due to its profound patriotic sentiment and its role in inspiring the Indian independence movement. However, several factors led to the selection of “Jana Gana Mana” as the national anthem instead.

Historical Context and Controversy: While “Vande Mataram” was widely embraced by many Indians as a powerful symbol of nationalism, it also sparked controversy due to its religious connotations. The song, which personifies India as the goddess Durga, uses highly Sanskritized Bengali language and imagery that is deeply rooted in Hindu tradition. This religious association made the song problematic for some sections of the Indian population, particularly Muslims and other religious minorities who did not identify with Hindu iconography.

Inclusivity and Secularism: In the process of choosing a national anthem, India’s leaders were conscious of the need to promote inclusivity and secularism in a newly independent and diverse nation. “Jana Gana Mana,” written by Rabindranath Tagore, was seen as a more inclusive and neutral choice. The lyrics of “Jana Gana Mana” praise the geographical and cultural diversity of India without invoking any specific religious imagery, thus appealing to a broader cross-section of the Indian populace.

Political Considerations: During the period leading up to independence, the Indian National Congress and other political leaders were keen to avoid any issues that could lead to further divisions within the already partitioned country. They sought a national anthem that would unite all Indians, regardless of religion, caste, or language. “Jana Gana Mana” fit this criterion better than “Vande Mataram” due to its more secular and unifying nature.

Cultural and Artistic Merit: “Jana Gana Mana” also stood out for its musical composition and lyrical beauty. Rabindranath Tagore’s composition was considered more suitable for orchestration and performance at official events. Its melody and structure made it easier to adapt into a national anthem that could be sung and played in various contexts, including official ceremonies and international gatherings.

Recognition and Compromise: Recognizing the significant role of “Vande Mataram” in the independence movement and its emotional resonance with many Indians, the Constituent Assembly of India declared it the “National Song” of India, while “Jana Gana Mana” was adopted as the national anthem on January 24, 1950. This compromise acknowledged the importance of both songs in the national consciousness.

“Vande Mataram” was not chosen as the national anthem primarily due to its religious connotations and the need for a more inclusive and secular anthem that could unite the diverse population of India. While it continues to hold a revered place in Indian history and culture as the national song, “Jana Gana Mana” was selected as the national anthem to symbolize the unity and diversity of the newly independent nation.

Adaptations of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s Works

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s novels have been a rich source of inspiration for filmmakers and television producers. His works, known for their strong narratives and deep cultural significance, have been adapted into various films and TV shows over the decades. The early years of Indian cinema saw several adaptations of Bankim Chandra’s works. These adaptations played a crucial role in bringing his stories to a wider audience and preserving his literary legacy in a visual format.

Notable Film Adaptations

“Anandamath” is perhaps the most famous adaptation of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s work. The novel, which includes the iconic song “Vande Mataram,” was adapted into a film in 1952. Directed by Hemen Gupta, the movie is set during the Sannyasi Rebellion in the late 18th century and showcases the struggle against British colonial rule. The film was significant in fostering a sense of nationalism among Indians.
“Kapal Kundala,” one of Bankim Chandra’s early novels, has also been adapted into a film multiple time. The story, which revolves around the love affair between Nabakumar and the beautiful Kapal Kundala, was first adapted into a silent film in 1929. The most notable adaptation, however, is the 1939 film directed by Phani Majumdar. This film is remembered for its strong performances and faithful representation of the novel’s themes.
“Durgeshnandini,” Bankim Chandra’s debut novel, has seen several adaptations on the silver screen. The 1956 film directed by Bimal Roy is one of the most celebrated versions. The story, a romantic saga set against the backdrop of historical conflicts, was brought to life with compelling performances and a beautiful score, making it a classic in Indian cinema.

Television Series Based on His Works

In addition to films, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s novels have been adapted into television series, bringing his stories into the homes of millions of viewers. Here are some notable TV adaptations:

One notable adaptation is the TV series “Anandamath,” which aired in the 1980s. This series, like the film, focused on the themes of nationalism and rebellion against British rule, capturing the essence of the original novel.
“Kapal Kundala” was also adapted into a TV series, showcasing the timeless love story of Nabakumar and Kapal Kundala. The series was well-received for its faithful adaptation of the novel’s intricate plot and character development.
“Krishnakanta’s Will” was adapted into a popular TV series, which aired in the early 2000s. The story revolves around the conflict and intrigue surrounding the will of a wealthy zamindar, Krishnakanta, and explores themes of love, betrayal, and justice. The series was praised for its gripping storyline and strong performances.
“Devi Chaudhurani,” another of Bankim Chandra’s well-known novels, was adapted into a TV series. This story of transformation, where a simple woman becomes a bandit queen fighting against oppression, resonated well with audiences and was celebrated for its empowering narrative.

Influence on Popular Culture

Impact on Bengali Culture: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s works have had a profound impact on Bengali culture. His novels, rich with cultural references and deep philosophical questions, have shaped the way Bengali literature and culture are perceived. The characters he created and the themes he explored resonate with the Bengali ethos, making his works timeless.
Influence on Indian National Identity: One of the most significant contributions of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay to Indian culture is the song “Vande Mataram.” Originally part of his novel “Anandamath,” this song became a symbol of Indian nationalism and played a crucial role in the freedom movement. It was adopted as the national song of India, and its influence on the national identity is immeasurable.
References in Modern Media: Bankim Chandra’s influence extends beyond literature and early cinema into modern media. His works are frequently referenced in contemporary films, television shows, and literature. The themes of patriotism, love, and social justice that he explored are still relevant today, making his works a continuous source of inspiration for modern storytellers.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s literary works have exceeded the boundaries of time and medium. Through numerous adaptations in film and television, his stories have reached a vast audience, preserved his legacy and continued to inspire generations. His profound impact on popular culture and Indian national identity emphasizes the timeless nature of his contributions to literature.

Literary Honors and Awards for Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s contributions to Indian literature have been widely recognized and celebrated. Though formal literary awards were not as prevalent during his lifetime as they are today, his impact on literature and culture has been acknowledged in various significant ways.

Education: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay received his education at the prestigious Presidency College (now Presidency University) in Kolkata, India. He earned a degree in Arts in 1858, making him one of the first graduates of the University of Calcutta. His academic background played a significant role in shaping his literary career and intellectual pursuits.
Recognition by Contemporary Scholars: Bankim Chandra’s contemporaries and subsequent generations of scholars have praised his work for its depth, narrative strength, and contribution to Indian nationalism. He is often credited with laying the foundation for modern Bengali literature and inspiring future generations of writers.
Posthumous Honors: Although Bankim Chandra did not receive formal literary awards during his lifetime, his legacy has been honoured posthumously through various accolades and recognitions. His works continue to be studied and celebrated in academic institutions worldwide.
National Recognition: In India, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is celebrated as a national literary figure. His novel “Anandamath,” which includes the patriotic song “Vande Mataram,” has been especially influential. The song became a national anthem of sorts during India’s struggle for independence, and Bankim Chandra’s contribution to the nationalist movement has been widely acknowledged.
Statues and Memorials: Numerous statues and memorials have been erected in honour of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay across India, particularly in West Bengal. These commemorations serve as a testament to his enduring influence on Indian literature and culture. Notable locations where his statues can be found include:

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Park, Kolkata: A statue of Bankim Chandra stands in this park, located in the heart of Kolkata, serving as a tribute to his literary and cultural contributions.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s Birthplace, Naihati: A statue and a small memorial commemorate his birthplace in Naihati, West Bengal, attracting admirers and scholars who visit to pay their respects.

Presidency University, Kolkata: A statue at his alma mater, recognizing his contributions as one of its most distinguished alumni.

Commemoration and Celebrations: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s life and works are commemorated and celebrated in various ways, ensuring that his contributions to literature and culture are remembered and honoured.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Jayanti: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Jayanti, his birth anniversary, is celebrated with great enthusiasm, particularly in West Bengal. This day is marked by various cultural events, readings of his works, and discussions about his literary contributions. Schools, colleges, and literary societies often organize events to honour his memory.
Literary Festivals: Several literary festivals and conferences across India feature sessions dedicated to Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. These events provide a platform for scholars, writers, and enthusiasts to discuss his works and their relevance in contemporary times.
Academic Conferences and Seminars: Universities and academic institutions frequently organize conferences and seminars to study and analyse Bankim Chandra’s works. These academic gatherings help keep his legacy alive in the scholarly community and contribute to ongoing research and discussion about his contributions to literature.
Publications and Reprints: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s novels and essays continue to be published and reprinted, making them accessible to new generations of readers. Special editions and annotated versions of his works are often released to celebrate milestones, such as his birth and death anniversaries.
Adaptations and Performances: Theatrical adaptations of Bankim Chandra’s novels are a popular form of commemoration. These performances bring his stories to life on stage and help keep his narratives relevant and engaging for modern audiences.
Commemorative Stamps: India Post has issued commemorative stamps featuring Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay to honour his contributions to literature and the nationalist movement. These stamps serve as a reminder of his impact on Indian culture and history.
Cultural Programs: Various cultural programs, including dance and music performances, are organized to celebrate Bankim Chandra’s works. These programs often include recitations of his poetry and readings from his novels, highlighting his literary genius and his role in India’s cultural heritage.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s legacy as a pioneering figure in Indian literature and nationalism is widely recognized and celebrated. Through various honours, memorials, and commemorations, his contributions continue to inspire and influence generations of readers, writers, and scholars.

Criticism and Controversies of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s Work

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, despite his monumental contributions to Indian literature and nationalism, was not without his share of controversies. Some of his works and views sparked debates and drew criticism from various quarters.

Anandamath” and Religious Sentiments: One of the most controversial aspects of Bankim Chandra’s work is his portrayal of religious themes in “Anandamath.” The novel, which includes the hymn “Vande Mataram,” became a rallying cry for Indian nationalists. However, its depiction of Hindu ascetics fighting against Muslim rulers was seen by some as promoting a religious divide. Critics argued that this portrayal could foster communal tensions, as it seemed to glorify Hindu nationalism at the expense of Muslim sentiments.
Views on Social Reform: Bankim Chandra’s views on social reform, particularly regarding women and caste, were also subjects of controversy. While he advocated for the education and upliftment of women, some of his writings reflect the conservative attitudes of his time. For instance, his stance on widow remarriage was complex; he supported it in theory but was hesitant about its practical implementation, reflecting societal norms that were resistant to such changes.
Criticism of Western Influence: Bankim Chandra was critical of the blind adoption of Western ways by the Indian elite. In his essays and editorials, he often lamented the erosion of Indian cultural values due to Western influence. This stance was controversial as it placed him at odds with the more liberal and progressive sections of society who saw Western education and ideas as tools for modernization and social reform.
Reactions and Responses: The reactions to Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s controversial works and views were varied, reflecting the diverse and complex fabric of Indian society during his time.
Literary and Intellectual Circles: In literary and intellectual circles, Bankim Chandra’s works were both praised and critiqued. His innovative storytelling and deep exploration of Indian history and mythology were glorified. However, his conservative social views and religious themes in some of his works drew sharp criticism from progressive thinkers and reformists who were pushing for more radical changes in society.
Public and Political Reactions: The public and political reactions to Bankim Chandra’s works were equally mixed. Nationalist leaders and activists addressed him as a pioneer of Indian nationalism, particularly for his creation of “Vande Mataram,” which became an anthem for freedom fighters. However, political leaders who sought to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were wary of the communal undertones in some of his works.
Response from Religious Communities: Religious communities had varied responses to Bankim Chandra’s works. Hindu communities generally embraced his depiction of Hindu valour and devotion, which resonated with the growing sense of Hindu nationalism. On the other hand, Muslim communities were critical of the perceived bias and exclusion in his narratives, particularly in “Anandamath,” which they felt marginalized their role in India’s history.
Scholarly Critiques: Scholars have extensively analyzed and critiqued Bankim Chandra’s works, often highlighting the complexities and contradictions in his writings. While his contributions to literature and nationalism are undeniable, his works are also studied for their conservative social views and the implications of their religious themes. This scholarly critique has contributed to a more nuanced understanding of his legacy.
Legacy of Controversies: Despite the controversies, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s legacy remains intact. His works continue to be celebrated for their literary brilliance and their role in shaping Indian nationalism. The debates and criticisms surrounding his views and writings have only added to the depth of his legacy, reflecting the diverse perspectives and ongoing dialogues about his contributions to Indian society.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay contributions to the Indian nationalist movement through his writings, particularly “Anandamath” and “Vande Mataram,” have covered his place as a pioneer of Indian nationalism. However, his conservative social views and the communal undertones in some of his works have sparked significant controversies. These debates and criticisms, while highlighting the complexities of his legacy, underscore the profound impact he had on Indian society. Bankim Chandra’s enduring influence as a literary giant and a nationalist continues to inspire, challenge, and engage readers and scholars alike, ensuring his relevance in contemporary discussions on literature, culture, and identity.